Modes & Transit
- Ocean (FCL/LCL): Best cost for >2 cbm, 15-40 days.
- Air freight: Fast (3-7 days), higher cost; good for urgent or high-value items.
- Rail (to EU): Middle option on cost/time, stable schedules.
- Express: Small parcels, duties often pre-paid but higher per-kg rates.
Incoterms & Cost
FOB gives you control over freight and insurance; CIF shifts risk at loading port; DDP simplifies delivery but requires a trustworthy partner for duties/taxes. Model landed cost per unit including freight, duty, VAT/GST, brokerage, and last-mile fees.
Choosing a Forwarder
Pick forwarders with origin office near the factory, customs expertise in your HS codes, and clear surcharge tables. Ask for sailing schedules, cut-off times, and free time at destination. Require tracking updates at key milestones: factory pickup, port in, departure, arrival, customs clearance, delivery.
Documents Checklist
Ensure accuracy on: commercial invoice, packing list, HS codes, bill of lading/air waybill, certificates (CE/FCC/FDA), fumigation/phyto if applicable, insurance certificates, and import permits. Mismatched data drives demurrage and customs holds.